555IC AND ITS USES

MONOSTABLE OPERATION OF 555IC

In this mode of operations the timer acts as a one shot. Details of the external connections and the wave-forms are shown in Figure below. The external timing capacitor CT is held initially dis­charged by the transistor inside the timer. Upon application of a negative pulse to pin 2, the flip-flop is set which releases the short circuit across the external capacitor and drives the output high. The voltage across the capacitor, now, rises ex­ponentially with the time constant RT.CT. When the voltage across the capacitor equals (2/3).VCC, the threshold comparator resets the flip-flop which, in turn, discharges the capacitor rapidly and drives the output to its low state. The circuit rests in this state till the arrival of next pulse.

The circuit triggers on a negative going input signal when the level reaches (1/3).VCC. Once triggered the circuit will remain in this state until the set time is elapsed, even if it is triggered again during this interval.
The time that the output is in the high state is given by t= 1.1.RTCT. Applying a negative pulse simultaneously to the reset terminal (pin 4) and the trigger terminal (pin 2) during the timing cycle, discharges the external capacitor CT and causes the cycle to start over again. The timing cycle will now commence on the positive edge of the reset pulse. During the time the reset pulse is applied, the output is driven to its low state. When the reset function is not in use, it is recommended that it be connected to VCC to avoid any possibility of false triggering.

ASTABLE OPERATION OF 555IC

The circuit shown in the Figure, will trigger itself and free run as a multi-vibrator. The external capacitor charges through RA and RB and discharges through RB only. Thus the duty cycle may be set precisely by the ratio of these two resistors.

In this mode of operation, the capacitor charges and discharges between (1/3).VCC and (2/3).VCC. As in the triggered mode, the charge and discharge times and hence the frequency independent of the supply voltage.

The charge time (output high) is given by:

t1 =0.693 (RA + RB) CT

The discharge time (output low) is given by :

t2=0.693 (RB) CT

thus the total period T is given by :

T = t1+t2 = 0.693 (RA+2 RB) CT,

and the frequency of oscillation is then:

f = 1/T 

This may be easily found by the graph shown below,

The duty cycle is given by,

D= RB /(RA + 2RB) .

From the above equation, it will be seen that the frequency and the duty cycle are inter-dependent and change of value of RA or RB affects both. It is possible to have a completely independent control of the charge and discharge times by using two external diodes as shown in figure below.

The timing capacitor CI charges through DI and RI and discharges through D2 and R2.


 A modi­fied arrangement shown, provides a control over duty cycle without changing the output pulse frequency. The diode voltage drops, however, make the time more sensitive to supply voltage variations.

BISTABLE OPERATION OF 555IC

The 555 timer can also function as a bistable flip-flop in such applications as TTL compatible drivers. This flip-flop offers the advantage that it operates from many different supply voltages, uses little power and requires no external components other than bypass capacitors in noisy environments. It also provides a direct relay driving capability.

As shown in Figure, a negative pulse applied to the trigger input terminal (Pin2) sets the flip flop and the output Q goes high. A positive going pulse applied to threshold terminal will reset the flip-flop and drive the Q output low. The flip-flop can also be reset by applying a negative going pulse to the reset terminal (Pin 4). In this mode Pin 6 is kept low.

SCHMITT TRIGGER USING 555IC

The two comparators of the 555 timer can be used independently as a Schmitt trigger, as shown in figure. The two com­parator inputs (Pin 2 and 6) are tied together and biased at (1/2)VCC through a voltage divider Rl and R2. Since the threshold com­parator will trip at (2/3)VCC and the trigger comparator will trip at  (1/3)VCC, the bias provided by the resistors Rl and R2 is centered within the comparators' trip limits.

A sine wave input of sufficient. amplitude to exceed the reference levels causes the internal flip-flop to be set and reset. In this way, it creates a square wave at the output. So long as R1 is equal to R2; the 555IC will be automatically biased correctly for almost any supply voltage. The output waveform is 180 degree our of phase with the applied sine wave. The circuit can be used as a signal shaper/buffer with advantage of availability of high output current.
By modifying the input time constant of the circuit shown (e.g., reducing the value of input capacitor to .001uF) so that the input pulses get differentiated, the arrangement can also be used either as a bistable device or to invert pulse waveforms, In the later case, the fast time constant of the. combination of Cl with Rl and R2 causes only the edges of the input pulse or rectangular waveform to be passed. These pulses set and reset the flip-flop and a high level inverted output is the result.

SQUARE WAVE OSCILLATOR USING 555IC

A Square waves can be obtained by using 555 timer IC by the circuit as shown in the figure below,

The asymmetry of a conventional astable circuit is a !result of the fact that charging and discharging times are not equal. In the circuit shown the capacitor Cl is charged through RI and R2 while discharged through R2. If Rl is made very small compared to R2, the.both time constant will be reduced so that they essentially depend on R2 and Cl, The frequency of operation (f) IS approximately 0.7/(R2C1). 

The frequency is of course independent to the supply voltage.

Photo Timer.

The circuit shown in Figure is useful for providing controlled 'on' times for such equipment as photo-enlargers, developers, small heaters, incandescent lamps, etc. Time is set by potentiometer R2 which provides a range of 1 sec. to 100 second with timing capacitor CI of 100 µF. 
The output at pin 3 is normally low and the relay is held off. A momentary touch on switch Sl energizes the relay which is held closed for a time 1.1 x (R1 + R2). C1 and then released. The exact length of the timing interval will depend on the actual capacitance of Cl. Most electrolytic capacitors are rated on the basis of minimum guaranteed value and the actual value may be higher. The circuit should be calibrated for various positions of the control knob of R2 after the timing capacitor has had a chance to age. Once the capacitor has reached its stable value, the timings provided should be well within the photographic requirements.

Touch Plate Controller

Touch the small metal plate and the relay gets energized, kept on for about 100 seconds and then released. Such circuits are ideally suited for making touch-operated call-bells, buzzers or small toys which, once touched, operate for a small time and then switch off automatically.
The input impedance of the trigger comparator of 555 is very high and the circuit can be triggered by the voltage induced in a human body. This fact is used in making the touch switch shown in Figure. Toy motors can be driven directly by deleting the diodes D1, D2 and the relay and driving a power transistor like AC 128 directly from the output pin 3 of the IC.

AUTO WIPER CONTROL

A continuously working wiper is a big nuisance when it is not raining hard. The wiper control shown in figure allows the wiper to sweep at rates varying from once a second to once in 10 second.
Basically the circuit is an astable multivibrator, in which the output level at pin 3 remains high for a long time decided by R2 and low for a short time decided by R3. The low going output at pin 3 drives the wiper motor via Tl and T2 for a time just sufficient to operate the parking switch. The wipers then make one sweep and rest again in their normal parked position till the next pulse. Resistor R5 limits the current and power dissipation in Tl. Transistors Tl and T2 may be replaced by a relay if desired.

AUTOMATIC HEADLIGHT TURN-OFF

Anyone who has stumbled around his dark garage after leaving his car for the night will appreciate this automatic head-light shut off switch. The switch, when installed in a car automatically turns off the headlights at pre-determined period after the ignition is switched off. In Figure when the ignition is first switched on,' the battery voltage is fed to the relay coil through diode D1. Switching off the ignition generates a negative-going pulse on pin.2 that triggers the timer. The output of the IC goes high to energise the relay and keep the headlights on long enough for you to leave the garage. With the values shown the delay is adjustable from approx. 10 seconds to 1 minute.

TINY FLASHER

A small size LED flasher operating on self contained batteries may be useful as a flashing metronome, dark room timer, memo¬ reminder and similar applications. The circuit of Figure is an astable multivibrator with a duty cycle of about 10%. LED connected as shown in the figure will be on for a short period and off for a longer period. The duty cycle will be reversed if R3 and the LED are connected as shown dotted in the figure and the battery consumption will also increase proportionally.

INVERSE DEFINITE MINIMUM TIME LAG (IDMTL) RELAYS

INVERSE DEFINITE MINIMUM TIME LAG (IDMTL) RELAYS

Historically this type of relay characteristic has been produced using electro-magnetic relays, and many such units still exist in power systems. A metal disc is pivoted so as to be free to rotate between the poles of two electromagnets each energized by the current being monitored. The torque produced by the interaction of fluxes and eddy currents induced in the disc is a function of the current. The disc speed is proportional to the torque. As operating time is inversely proportional to speed, operating time is inversely proportional to a function of current. The disc is free to rotate against the restraining or resetting torque of a control spring. Contacts are attached to the disc spindle and under  pre-set  current  levels  operate  to  trip,  via  the  appropriate  circuitry,  the required circuit breaker. The theoretical characteristic as defined in IEC 60255-3 is based on the formula:

 

where,

 t=theoretical operating time

G=value of applied current

G_b=basic value of current setting 

K and a=constants

With K = 0.14 and a = 0.02 the ‘normal’ inverse curve is obtained as shown in figure. This characteristic is held in the memory of modern microprocessor controlled solid state relays. Electronic comparator circuits are used to measure the source current and initiate tripping depending upon the relay set-tings. In comparison with grading by time settings alone the IDMTL relay characteristic is such that it still allows grading to be achieved with reduced operating times for relays located close to the power source.

 

This type of relay has two possible adjustments:

1. The current setting by means of tap ‘plugs ‘on electromagnetic relays or ‘DIP’ switches on solid state relays for values between 50% and 200% in 25% steps (the plug setting multiplier or PSM) for overcurrent relays and between 10% and 40% or 20–80% in 10% or 20% steps for earth fault relays. The 100% PSM corresponds to the normal current rating of the relay which may be 5, 1 or 0.5 amps to suit the CTs employed. Thus on a 100% tap a 5A relay is stable under power circuit full load conditions with up to 5A flowing in the CT secondary and relay input circuit. From figure it can be seen that the relay will  operate  in  approximately  30s  for  overloads  in  the  primary  circuit  of 1.3x full load or with 5x1.3= 6.5A in the relay input circuit.

2. The operating time at a given current PSM. This is achieved by a continuously adjustable time multiplier torsion head wheel on an electromagnetic relay and potentiometer or DIP switches on solid state relays. The time setting may be varied between 0.05 and 1.0s (the time multiplier setting or TMS).

 

The actual pick-up level is best obtained on site by secondary current injection. Operation of IDMTL relays at currents greater than 20x PSM is not covered by the standards and ideally the protection engineer tries to use CT ratios and relay settings which avoid operation in this region. This is because the capability and characteristic of the CT used to drive the relay under heavy fault conditions may be far from linear. In addition, at the larger values of current the thermal rating of the relay must be considered. Some solid state relays operate to the normal  IEC  60255-3  characteristic  up  to  20xPSM  and  then  follow  a  definite-time characteristic above this current level.